REGION B – EUROPE

REGION B

The Official Story

CENTRAL BANKS

A central bank, reserve bank, or monetary authority is an institution that manages the currency and monetary policy of a state or formal monetary union, and oversees their commercial banking system. In contrast to a commercial bank, a central bank possesses a monopoly on increasing the monetary base. Most central banks also have supervisory and regulatory powers to ensure the stability of member institutions, to prevent bank runs, and to discourage reckless or fraudulent behavior by member banks.

Central banks in most developed nations are institutionally independent from political interference. Still, limited control by the executive and legislative bodies exists.

Spread around the world

Central banks were established in many European countries during the 19th century. Napoleon created the Banque de France in 1800, in an attempt to improve the financing of his wars. On the continent of Europe, the Bank of France remained the most important central bank throughout the 19th century. The Bank of Finland was founded in 1812, soon after Finland had been taken over from Sweden by Russia to become its grand duchy. A central banking role was played by a small group of powerful family banking houses, typified by the House of Rothschild, with branches in major cities across Europe, as well as the Hottinguer family in Switzerland and the Oppenheim family in Germany.

Although central banks today are generally associated with fiat money, the 19th and early 20th centuries central banks in most of Europe and Japan developed under the international gold standard. Free banking or currency boards were common at this time. Problems with collapses of banks during downturns, however, led to wider support for central banks in those nations which did not as yet possess them, most notably in Australia.

Australia established its first central bank in 1920, Peru in 1922, Colombia in 1923, Mexico and Chile in 1925 and Canada, India and New Zealand in the aftermath of the Great Depression in 1934. By 1935, the only significant independent nation that did not possess a central bank was Brazil, which subsequently developed a precursor thereto in 1945 and the present Central Bank of Brazil twenty years later. After gaining independence, African and Asian countries also established central banks or monetary unions. The Reserve Bank of India, which had been established during British colonial rule as a private company, was nationalized in 1949 following India’s independence.

The People’s Bank of China evolved its role as a central bank starting in about 1979 with the introduction of market reforms, which accelerated in 1989 when the country adopted a generally capitalist approach to its export economy. Evolving further partly in response to the European Central Bank, the People’s Bank of China had by 2000 become a modern central bank. The most recent bank model was introduced together with the euro, and involves coordination of the European national banks, which continue to manage their respective economies separately in all respects other than currency exchange and base interest rates.

Source: Wikipedia

ROTHSCHILD OWNED & CONTROLLED
CENTRAL BANKS:

REGION B – EUROPE:

Country	Est. Population (2022)
ALBANIA: Bank of Albania	2.8 million
AUSTRIA: Austrian National Bank	8.9 million
BELARUS: National Bank of the Republic of Belarus	9.5 million
BELGIUM: National Bank of Belgium	11.6 million
BOSNIA: Central Bank of Bosnia and Herzegovina	3.2 million
BULGARIA: Bulgarian National Bank	6.7 million
CROATIA: Croatian National Bank	4.0 million
CYPRUS: Central Bank of Cyprus	1.2 million
CZECH REPUBLIC: Czech National Bank	10.4 million
DENMARK: National Bank of Denmark	5.8 million
ESTONIA: Bank of Estonia	1.3 million
EUROPEAN UNION: European Central Bank	—
FINLAND: Bank of Finland	5.5 million
FRANCE: Bank of France	64.6 million
GEORGIA: National Bank of Georgia	3.7 million
GERMANY: Deutsche Bundesbank	83.3 million
GREECE: Bank of Greece	10.3 million
HUNGARY: Magyar Nemzeti Bank	9.9 million
ICELAND: Central Bank of Iceland	0.3 million
IRELAND: Central Bank and Financial Services Authority of Ireland	5.0 million
ITALY: Bank of Italy	59.0 million
LATVIA: Bank of Latvia	1.8 million
LITHUANIA: Bank of Lithuania	2.7 million
LUXEMBOURG: Central Bank of Luxembourg	0.6 million
MACEDONIA: National Bank of the Republic of Macedonia	2.0 million
MALTA: Central Bank of Malta	0.5 million
MOLDOVA: National Bank of Moldova	3.2 million
MONTENEGRO: Central Bank of Montenegro	0.6 million
NETHERLANDS: Netherlands Bank	17.5 million
NORWAY: Central Bank of Norway	5.4 million
POLAND: National Bank of Poland	39.8 million
PORTUGAL: Bank of Portugal	10.2 million
ROMANIA: National Bank of Romania	19.6 million
RUSSIA: Central Bank of Russia	144.7 million
SAN MARINO: Central Bank of the Republic of San Marino	0.03 million
SERBIA: National Bank of Serbia	7.2 million
SLOVAKIA: National Bank of Slovakia	5.6 million
SLOVENIA: Bank of Slovenia	2.1 million
SPAIN: Bank of Spain	47.5 million
SWEDEN: Sveriges Riksbank	10.5 million
SWITZERLAND: Swiss National Bank	8.7 million
UKRAINE: National Bank of Ukraine	39.6 million
UNITED KINGDOM: Bank of England	67.5 million
TOTAL POPULATION:	708.3 million